문화와 창의성 개관: 과거, 현재 그리고 미래 = Culture and creativity review: Past, present and future

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The rapid globalization and the increase of multicultural organizations have made the cross-cultural creativity research more important. However, the studies in this field is still lacking despite the significant environmental change. The present article reviewed previous cross-cultural creativity studies and suggested future research direction. 77%(10 out of 13) of the previous cross-cultural studies showed that the creativity of ‘Western or individualistic culture’ was higher than ‘Asian or collectivistic culture.’ It has been suggested that collectivistic cultures’ peer pressure, cohesiveness and the pursuit for harmony hinders creativity. In contrast, many studies suggested that individualist cultures’ independent self concept and value for autonomy foster creativity. These results, however, may contradict with various Asian creativity evidences such as successful Asian innovative companies. In addition, Asian countries ranked top in the patent and industrial design which are important indirect measures of creativity. Also there was an important limitation among previous studies which was the narrow creativity measurement. Although both novelty and usefulness are the two key factors of creativity, most of the previous cross-cultural creativity research focused on novelty and overlooked usefulness. The Google Ngram Viewer analysis used in this paper supports that this novelty bias is also commonly found in general creativity publications. Lastly, we propose several directions for future cross-cultural creativity research and discuss the optimal creativity intervention between different cultural context.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

세계화의 확대와 다문화적 조직의 증가로 인해 창의성에 대한 비교문화 연구에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 그러나 이와 같은 중요성에도 불구하고, 이 분야의 연구는 아직 부족하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 창의성을 비교문화적 관점에서 연구했던 기존문헌의 흐름을 정리해본 후, 해당 연구들의 한계점을 비판적으로 분석하고, 추후 연구의 방향성을 제안했다. 기존에 이루어진 비교문화 창의성 연구 중 77%는(총 13개 중 10개) ‘서양 또는 개인주의 문화’가 ‘동양 또는 집합주의 문화’에 비해 창의성이 높다는 연구 결과를 제시하고 있다. 이러한 연구들은 집합주의 문화권의 동조 압력, 응집성, 조화 추구 등이 창의성을 저해하며, 개인주의 문화권의 독립적 자아개념, 자율성 중시 등은 창의성을 촉진한다고 주장했다. 하지만 집합주의 문화권에서 출발한 세계적 혁신기업들의 사례라든지, 전세계 최상위권의 특허 및 산업 디자인이 동양에서 개발되고 있다는 점 등의 현실적 증거들을 고려해 볼 때, 기존의 실험실 연구 결과들이 실제적 현상을 잘 설명하는 것인지는 의문이다. 무엇보다 기존의 연구들은 창의성을 협소하게 개념화한 한계가 있다. 창의성의 두 가지 핵심 구성요인은 독특성과 유용성임에도 불구하고, 대다수 연구들은 창의성 개념과 측정에 있어 독특성에 치우쳤으며 유용성을 간과했다. 본 연구는 Google Ngram Viewer 분석을 통해, 이와 같은 독특성 치우침 현상이 학술적 연구만이 아니라 일반 문헌들에서도 발견됨을 확인했다. 본 논문은 이러한 기존 연구들의 한계점들을 보완하기 위한 ‘미래’ 연구 방향으로 (1) 유용성의 렌즈 보완 (2) 문화적 차원의 세분화 및 확대 (3) 조직 현장으로의 연구 무대 확장 (4) 상호작용효과에 대한 탐구를 제안했다. 또한 상이한 문화권에 따른 최적의 창의성 촉진 방법 등에 대해서도 논의했다.

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